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\u0648\u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631:Telford Taylor, The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir (New York: Knopf, 1992); Kevin Jon Heller, The Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the Origins of International Criminal Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).]\u060c \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u061b \u0641\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064f\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a 1 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/ \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1946[4][\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064f\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0628\u0631\u063a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a 1 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/ \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1946\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631:IMT, \u201cTrial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal, 14 November 1945- 1 October 1946,\u201d vol. I, Nuremberg, 1947;\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a:American Journal of International Law, vol. 172 (1947);\u0648\u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631:Taylor, op. cit.]\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u064a\u0646\u0629 (CAT\u060c 1984)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 (CRC\u060c 1989)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a (ICPPED\u060c 2006)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0629 (CRPD\u060c 2006)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f 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\u0628\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 (2001)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0627\u0637\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 56\/83\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u0651\u062e \u0628\u064012 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/ \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2001. \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631:United Nations International Law Commission, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, vol. II, Part 2 (New York: UN, 2001);\u0648\u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631:James Crawford, The International Law Commission&#8217;s Articles on State Responsibility: Introduction, Text and Commentaries (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002).]\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0647\u064f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0643\u0651 \u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646 31 \u064832 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u06a4\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1969.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"heading-11\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0632\u0650\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u0632\u0645\u064c \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0634\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 (\u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0636\u062f \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627)[6][ICJ, \u201cBarcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain),\u201d Second Phase, Judgment, ICJ Reports, 1970, p. 3.]\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0643\u0644\u0651. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 53 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u06a4\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u064f\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0650\u062f \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0643\u0644\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u062f\u0651 \u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0630\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0651 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u064e\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u064a\u064f\u0631\u062a\u0651\u0650\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u062c\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0651\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0633\u0643 \u0636\u062f \u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f[7][ICJ, \u201cApplication of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro),\u201d Judgment, ICJ Reports, 2007, p. 43.]. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0651 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0636\u062f \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627)[8][ICJ, \u201cEast Timor (Portugal v. Australia),\u201d Judgment, ICJ Reports, 1995, p. 90.]\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"heading-12\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (1) (38\u062c) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 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\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0637\u064f\u0628\u0651\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641\u064c \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a[9][\u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631:Bruno Simma &amp; Philip Alston, \u201cThe Sources of Human Rights Law: Custom, Jus Cogens, and General Principles,\u201d The Australian Year Book of International Law, vol. 12 (1992), p. 82; Bin Cheng, General Principles of Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).]\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629. \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626: \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0628\u0651\u064e\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 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\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0651\u0629[18][ICJ, \u201cLegal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory,\u201d Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 2004, p. 136, paras. 107-113; Marko Milanovic, Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights Treaties: Law, Principles, and Policy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), pp. 82-105.].<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 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Turkey,\u201d Preliminary Objections, App. No. 15318\/89, Judgment of 23 March 1995.]\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062e\u0644\u0635\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0631\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629[20][European Court of Human Rights, Grand Chamber, \u201cAl-Skeini and Others v. the United Kingdom,\u201d App. No. 55721\/07, Judgment of 7 July 2011.]. \u062a\u064e\u0646\u062a\u064f\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064f \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629[21][European Court of Human Rights, Grand Chamber, \u201cHassan v. the United Kingdom,\u201d App. No. 29750\/09, Judgment of 16 September 2014.]\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\/ \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2014\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u0644\u0651\u064e\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629[22][Ibid., paras. 97-107;\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 5 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u062a\u064e\u064a \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u064e\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646. \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631:Marko Milanovic, \u201cThe Lost Origins of Lex Specialis: Rethinking the Relationship between Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law,\u201d in: Jens David Ohlin (ed.), Theoretical Boundaries of Armed Conflict and Human Rights (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016).]. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064f\u0643\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0647\u062c\u064c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 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Law,\u201d Report of the Study Group, UN Doc. A\/CN.4\/L.682, 2006, paras. 46-122; Marco Sass\u00f2li, International Humanitarian Law: Rules, Controversies, and Solutions to Problems Arising in Warfare (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019), pp. 517-545.]\u060c \u0641\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 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(\u0628) (22) \u06488 (2) (\u0647\u0640) (6)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u0644\u0651\u064e\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"heading-28\">\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0631\u0633\u0651\u0650\u062e \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1951 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646[26][\u201cConvention Relating to the Status of Refugees,\u201d 189 UNTS 137, 28 July 1951; \u201cProtocol Relating to the Status of Refugees,\u201d 606 UNTS 267, 31 January 1967; James C. Hathaway, The Rights of Refugees under International Law, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2021); Guy S. Goodwin-Gill, Jane McAdam &amp; Emma Dunlop, The Refugee in International Law, 4th ed. 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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0645\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646[27][Human Rights Committee, \u201cGeneral Comment No. 36 on Article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, on the Right to Life,\u201d CCPR\/C\/GC\/36, 2018, para. 62; Human Rights Committee, \u201cTeitiota v. New Zealand,\u201d Communication No. 2728\/2016, CCPR\/C\/127\/D\/2728\/2016, Views adopted on 7 January 2020, paras. 9.4-9.14.].<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"heading-29\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/h3>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u064f\u0644\u0632\u0650\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0623\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633 \u0636\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648[28][Inter-American Court of Human Rights, \u201cBarrios Altos v. Peru,\u201d Series C No. 75, Merits, Judgment of 14 March 2001.]\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064f\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a 14 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631\/ \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2001\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u064c \u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u064f\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0642\u0645 31 (2004) \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0646\u0634\u064e\u0623\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a 1985\/17\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0642\u0645 14 (2000) \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0642\u0645 15 (2002) \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647[29][Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, \u201cGeneral Comment No. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health,\u201d E\/C.12\/2000\/4 (2000); Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, \u201cGeneral Comment No. 15: The Right to Water,\u201d E\/C.12\/2002\/11 (2002);\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 1985\/17\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a 28 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/ \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1985. \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631:Ben Saul, David Kinley &amp; Jacqueline Mowbray, The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Commentary, Cases, and Materials (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2014).].<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"heading-32\">\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 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Assembly, \u201cResolution 60\/251,\u201d A\/RES\/60\/251, 15 March 2006;\u0648\u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631:Human Rights Council, \u201cResolution 5\/1: Institution-Building of the United Nations Human Rights Council,\u201d 18 June 2007, Section III; Aoife Nolan, Rosa Freedman &amp; Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Murphy (eds.), The United Nations Special Procedures System (Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2017); \u201cDirectory of Special Procedures Mandate Holders,\u201d OHCHR, 31\/12\/2024, accessed on 24\/9\/2026, at: https:\/\/acr.ps\/hBya0Zy]. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0643\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064f\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 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\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064f\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0643\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629[31][\u201cAmerican Convention on Human Rights (Pact of San Jos\u00e9),\u201d OAS Treaty Series No. 36, 1144 UNTS 123, 22 November 1969; Inter-American Court of Human Rights, \u201cVel\u00e1squez Rodr\u00edguez v. Honduras\u201d; Inter-American Court of Human Rights, \u201cArtavia Murillo et al. (In Vitro Fertilization) v. Costa Rica,\u201d Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Series C No. 257, Judgment of 28 November 2012; Jo M. Pasqualucci, The Practice and Procedure of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 2nd ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013).].<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0645\u064e\u062f \u0641\u064a 27 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\/ \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1981\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0641\u064a 21 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/ \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1986\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 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\u201cThe Arab Charter on Human Rights and the League of Arab States: An Update,\u201d Human Rights Law Review, vol. 10, issue 1 (2010), pp. 169-178; Ahmed Almutawa &amp; Elham Manea, \u201cThe Arab Charter on Human Rights,\u201d in: Mehran Kamrava (ed.), Routledge Handbook of Persian Gulf Politics (Milton: Taylor &amp; Francis Group, 2020).].<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"heading-34\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 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\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u064f\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064e\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0638\u0629[33][\u201cVienna Convention on the Law of Treaties,\u201d 1155 UNTS 331, 23 May 1969, Arts. 19-23;\u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631:Human Rights Committee, \u201cGeneral Comment No. 24: Issues Relating to Reservations,\u201d CCPR\/C\/21\/Rev.1\/Add.6 (1994); International Law Commission, \u201cGuide to Practice on Reservations to Treaties,\u201d A\/66\/10 (2011);\u0648\u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0651\u0644\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c &#8220;\u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642- \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062c 9\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 1 (1985)\u060c \u0635 119-169\u061b \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631:Alain Pellet &amp; Daniel M\u00fcller, \u201cReservations to Human Rights Treaties,\u201d in: Daniel Moeckli et al. (eds.), International Human Rights Law, 4th ed. (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2022).]. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u062c\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u06a4\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 19) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c\u064e \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0642\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f\u0648 \u0636\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627&#8221;\u060c \u0628\u0628\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0638 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629[34][European Court of Human Rights, \u201cLoizidou v. Turkey,\u201d paras. 89-98; Human Rights Committee, \u201cGeneral Comment No. 24: Issues Relating to Reservations,\u201d para. 18.]. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0642\u0645 24 (1994)\u060c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0638\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0623\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 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Hathaway, \u201cDo Human Rights Treaties Make a Difference?,\u201d The Yale Law Journal, vol. 111, no. 8 (2002), pp. 1935-2042.]\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u062b \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0632[36][Beth A. Simmons, Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009).]\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong> (2009)\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u064f\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0647\u064f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u064e \u0636\u063a\u0637\u064d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u062a\u0631\u062c\u064e\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u0650\u062c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a[37][United Nations General Assembly, \u201cResolution 68\/268: Strengthening and Enhancing the Effective Functioning of the Human Rights Treaty Body System,\u201d A\/RES\/68\/268, 9 April 2014; United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, \u201cStrengthening the United Nations Human Rights Treaty Body System,\u201d A\/66\/860 (2012); OHCHR, Navi Pillay, Strengthening the United Nations Human Rights Treaty Body System (Geneva: 2012); Suzanne Egan, The United Nations Human Rights Treaty System: Law and Procedure (West Sussex: Bloomsbury Professional, 2011), ch. 12.].<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"heading-39\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"heading-40\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/h3>\n<p>\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a (John Ruggie)[38][United Nations, \u201cGuiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations \u2018Protect, Respect and Remedy\u2019 Framework,\u201d UN Doc. HR\/PUB\/11\/04 (2011).]\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a 2005 \u06482011. \u062a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u0651\u0650\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629\u064f \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2014\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 26\/9 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629[39][Human Rights Council, \u201cResolution 26\/9: Elaboration of an International Legally Binding Instrument on Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Respect to Human Rights,\u201d A\/HRC\/RES\/26\/9, 26 June 2014;\u0648\u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631:\u201cUpdated Draft Legally Binding 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\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"heading-42\">\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647 10\/4 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2009\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629[40][Human Rights Council, \u201cResolution 10\/4: Human Rights and Climate Change,\u201d A\/HRC\/RES\/10\/4, 25 March 2009; OHCHR, Report on the Relationship between Climate Change and Human Rights, A\/HRC\/10\/61 (Geneva: 2009); John H. Knox, \u201cLinking Human Rights and Climate Change at the United Nations,\u201d Harvard Environmental Law Review, vol. 33 (2009), pp. 477-498.] \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0651\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0651\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0642\u0645 OC-23\/17 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a 15 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/ \u0646\u0648\u06a8\u0645\u0628\u0631 2017\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0633\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0651\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0635\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u064a\u0626\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a 21 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/ \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2024\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064f\u0632\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0651\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647[41][International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS), \u201cRequest for an Advisory Opinion Submitted by the Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law,\u201d Advisory Opinion of 21 May 2024, Case No. 31, ITLOS Reports 2024;\u0648\u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631:International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS), Seabed Disputes Chamber, \u201cAdvisory Opinion on Responsibilities and Obligations of States,\u201d Case No. 17 (2011), paras. 110-120; Alan Boyle, \u201cClimate Change, the Paris Agreement and Human Rights,\u201d International and Comparative Law Quarterly, vol. 67, issue 4 (2018), pp. 759-777.].<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a 23 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632\/ \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2025\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 77\/276\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a 29 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631\/ \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2023[42][ICJ, \u201cObligations of States in Respect of Climate Change,\u201d Advisory Opinion of 23 July 2025; United Nations General Assembly, \u201cResolution 77\/276,\u201d A\/RES\/77\/276, 29 March 2023; Margaretha Wewerinke-Singh &amp; Jorge E. Vi\u00f1uales, \u201cThe Great Reset: The ICJ Reframes the Conduct Responsible for Climate Change Through the Prism of Internationally Wrongful Acts,\u201d EJIL: Talk!, 4\/8\/2025, accessed on 24\/9\/2026, at: https:\/\/acr.ps\/hBya1kS]. \u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 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\u062a\u062d\u0638\u064e \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0651\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2018\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0651\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 73\/195\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u064f\u0644\u0632\u0650\u0645 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629[43][United Nations General Assembly, \u201cInternational Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families,\u201d GA Res. 45\/158, 2220 UNTS 3, 18 December 1990; United Nations General Assembly, \u201cGlobal Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration,\u201d GA Res. 73\/195, A\/RES\/73\/195, 19 December 2018; Ryszard I. Cholewinski, P. F. A. de Guchteneire &amp; Antoine P\u00e9coud (eds.), Migration and Human Rights: The United Nations Conventionon Migrant Workers\u2019 Rights (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009); Elspeth Guild, Tugba Basaran &amp; Kathryn Allinson, \u201cFrom Zero to Hero? An Analysis of the Human Rights Protections within the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration,\u201d International Migration, vol. 57, issue 6 (2019), pp. 43-59.].<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"heading-44\">\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628<\/h3>\n<p>\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639\u064e \u0623\u064f\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0650\u0641 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628&#8221;\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a 11 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\/ \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2001 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 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France,\u201d App. No. 25803\/94, Judgment of 28 July 1999.]\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0631\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0642\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 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